 |
The core repertoire of the orchestra is based around symphonies, concertos, overtures, suites and choral works, and a great variety is on offer during any particular season.
- To find out what orchestras played during Listen Up! 2004 click here.
- To find out what orchestras played in the 2004/05 season click here.
The style of music written has changed considerably over time as the orchestra itself developed and composers have experimented with new ideas and developed the art form. Music historians have identified four main periods that each have particular characteristics:
Baroque
An emphasis on polyphony (many lines weaving together), ensemble writing, colourful ornamentation of musical lines.
Main composers: Monteverdi, Vivaldi, Handel and JS Bach
Classical
An emphasis on balance, clear melody and harmony, refined style.
Main composers: Haydn, Mozart.
Late Classical / Early Romantic: Schubert, Beethoven
Romantic
An emphasis on emotional expression, expanded use of harmony and tone colour and the idea of the 'heroic' encouraged increasingly virtuosic writing.
Main Composers: Brahms, Berlioz, Dvórak, Schumann, Tchaikovsky, Wagner.
Late Romantics: Mahler, Rachmaninov, R Strauss, Elgar, Sibelius
There is no defining characteristic of twentieth century music apart from its pluralism. Different composers chose different experimental paths and it has left a rich and complex body of music. In Britain, the legacy of Elgar and his compatriots saw the revitalisation of composition and orchestral music. Some of the main developments are:
1) Serialism and atonalism: the old hierarchical ideas of harmony were discarded in favour of equality of each note in the chromatic scaleSome of the main composers are:
2) Neo-classicism: composers used the styles of the past in a modern context
3) Minimalism: composers wrote works based on a minimal number of notes / harmonies which are often very repetitive in style
4) The birth of film music (recent examples such as Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings are on offer during this season)
5) The rediscovery of early music and its use as a source of inspiration and changes in performance practice
6) The influence of other types of music such as jazz and the discovery of the rich traditions of other cultures around the world
7) Technology: the development of electronics and recording equipment expanded the possibilities available to composers
Serialists: Schöenberg, Webern, Berg
Early part of century: Debussy, Nielsen, Prokofiev, Ravel, Stravinsky, Shostakovich
Later part of century: Adams, Berio, Boulez, Henze, Lutoslawski, Messiaen, Nono, Pärt, Schnittke, Stockhausen
Some British composers: Adés, Arnold, Benjamin, Birtwistle, Britten, Macmillan, Maxwell Davies (recently appointed Master of the Queen's Music), Tavener, Tippett, Vaughan Williams, Walton, Weir.
At the start of the twenty-first century, we have access to a dazzling variety of music in the concert hall and on our stereos, from back to medieval times to the rich traditions of a variety of cultures across the world.